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The Structure of Science
''The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation'' is a 1961 book by the philosopher Ernest Nagel.〔Ruse 2005. p. 637.〕
==Summary==
Nagel takes an ahistorical, prescriptive approach to the philosophy of science.〔 He argues that most scientific hypotheses can be tested only indirectly. It is necessary to derive observable consequences from a hypothesis and then test them, thus providing second-hand proof for or against the hypothesis. Theory reduction has a deductive inference at its heart. Nagel believes that morality, since it is about the way the world should be, is irrelevant to scientific inquiry, which is concerned with the way the world is. To entangle morality with science is to commit numerous fallacies.〔Ruse 1988. pp. 19, 41, 157.〕
Nagel criticizes Isaiah Berlin's paper "Historical Inevitability." ''The Structure of Science'' ends with the words, "However acute our awareness may be of the rich variety of human experience, and however great our concern over the dangers of using the fruits of science to science to obstruct the development of human individuality, it is not likely that our best interests would be served by stopping objective inquiry into the various conditions determining the existence of human traits and actions, and thus shutting the door to the progressive liberation from illusion that comes from the knowledge achieved by such inquiry."〔Gay 1990. pp. 186-187.〕
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